An important issue in the design of interconnection networks for massively parallel computers is scalability. Journal of parallel and distributed computing 11, 263275 1991 optimal communication algorithms for hypercubes d. These illustrate the effectiveness of different programming strategies. Hierarchical hypercube networks hhn for massively parallel. A binary ncube or hypercube network is a network with 2n nodes arranged as the. Recently, however computers supporting truly parallel computing have become commercially available. This paper describes a faulttolerant routing mechanism to facilitate data routing in torus embedded hypercube interconnection network subject to node failures in parallel computing. A problem is broken into discrete parts that can be solved concurrently 3. Architectures, algorithms, and opportunities dennis abts and john kim. Parallel computing parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously. Simply, wanted to free up cpu guis required programmers to think in different ways in a gui, everything behaves independently. The interconnection network corresponds to the edges of an n dimensional cube with a processor at each vertex.
Communication costs in parallel machines the cost of network communication is related to. A hypercube parallel computer is a network of processors, each with only local memory, whose activities are coordinated by messages the processors send between themselves. Interconnection network basics topology specifies the way switches are wired affects routing, reliability, throughput, latency, building ease routing how does a message get from source to destination static or adaptive buffering and flow control what do we store within the network. A family of such networks spans the space of linear arrays and hypercubes. This network is called an op tical multimesh hypercube ommh network. Pdf a hypercubebased scalable interconnection network for. Elements of a parallel computer hardware multiple processors multiple memories interconnection network system software parallel operating system programming constructs to expressorchestrate concurrency application software parallel algorithms goal. Parallel graph algorithms school of computing, computer. May 16, 2018 for the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. In geometry, a hypercube is an ndimensional analogue of a square n 2 and a cube n 3. Index termshypercube, interconnection network, parallel prefix, routing, twisted hypercubes.
The interconnection network corresponds to the edges of an ndimensional cube with a processor at each vertex. Section 2 describes structural characteristics of the hypercube topology, that made it very attractive for the realization of the interconnection network of parallel. Pdf an important issues in the design of interconnection networks for massively parallel computers is scalability. Involve groups of processors used extensively in most data parallel algorithms. It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1 skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the spaces dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. They represent regular communication patterns that are performed by parallel algorithms.
The bandwidth is the number of bits that can be transmitted in unit time, given as bitssec. Instead, processors are arranged in some variation of a grid, torus, hypercube, etc. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical interconnection network based on hypercubes called hierarchical hypercube network hhn for massively parallel computers. To alleviate this scalability problem, incomplete hypercubes were introduced, in. The hhn has a smaller number of links than the comparable hypercube and in particular, when we construct networks with 2 k nodes, the node degree of hhn with the minimum node degree. The new added bit should be 0 for one 3d hypercube and 1 for the other 3d hypercube. Parallel computing project gutenberg selfpublishing.
In particular, in our model packets arrive at each node of a network according. Key issues in network design are the network bandwidth and the network latency. Parallelism has existed in computers since their inception, at various levels of design. Hypercube computers are dominant in this class of commercially available parallel computers. They are equally applicable to distributed and shared address space architectures most parallel libraries provide functions to perform them they are extremely useful for getting started in parallel processing. In the simplest sense, it is the simultaneous use of multiple compute resources to solve a computational problem. Some aspects of parallel implementation of the finiteelement method on message passing architectures the work presented in this paper was supported by the national science foundation under grant dms8607478 and by the u. Pdf a hypercubebased scalable interconnection network. The interconnection network is the heart of parallel architecture.
Elements of parallel computing and architecture unit 3 interconnection network. We completely analyze the hypercube network by explicitly computing the eigenstructure of its node adjacency matrix. Data broadcasting and reduction, prefix computation, and. Selection from introduction to parallel computing, second edition book. Index terms hypercube, interconnection network, parallel prefix, routing, twisted. Sf oab cannot take less rounds than is the value of the diameter. We describe those features of distributed memory mimd hypercube multicomputers that are necessary to obtain ef.
Scalable optical hypercube based interconnection network for massively parallel computing ahmed louri and hongki sung two important parameters of a network for massively parallel computers are scalability and modularity. Since the broadcast packet has to be delivered to 2 n1 distinct nodes, the number of transmissions is at least 2 n1 during aab, each node has to receive 2 n1 distinct packets. Introducation to parallel computing is a complete endtoend source of information on almost all aspects of parallel computing from introduction to architectures to programming paradigms to algorithms to programming standards. Most of engineering involves solving mathematical models of physical systems this means computing, either on paper, or by machine. Parallel formulation of bitonic dsort on a hypercube with n 2 processes. A hypercubebased scalable interconnection network for. The dlh network combines the positive features of the hypercube topology, such as small diameter, high connectivity, symmetry and simple routing, and the scalability and constant node degree of a. A new scalable interconnection network topology, called doubleloop hypercube dlh, is proposed. Parallel implementation of the backpropagation algorithm. Network topology data handling and routing programming model semantics associated software protocols. We will present an overview of current and future trends in hpc hardware. Microsoft powerpoint chapter2 parallel programming platforms. Incrementally scalable optical interconnection network.
Elsevier parallel computing 20 1994 17391761 parallel computing parallel routing algorithms for incomplete hypercube interconnection networks m. Programming a hypercube multicomputer sanjay ranka, youngju. Keywords network architecture and design, topology, interconnection networks. Only if fast and reliable communication over the network is guaranteed will the parallel system figure 1. These nodes form the vertices of squares to create an internetwork connection. Any parallel system that employs more than one processor per application program must be designed to allow its processors to communicate efficiently.
A hypercubebased scalable interconnection network for massively parallel computing article pdf available in journal of computers 310 october 2008 with 1,054 reads how we measure reads. A hypercube based scalable interconnection network for massively parallel computing article pdf available in journal of computers 310 october 2008 with 1,054 reads how we measure reads. Parallel architectures and interconnection networks. Introduction advances in hardware technology, especially the vlsi circuit technology, have made it possible to build a largescale multiprocessor system that contains thousands or even tens of thousands of processors. Mapping a cartesian topology onto a hypercube cool things o mapping a cartesian topology onto a hypercube. In proceedings of icann91 international conference on artificial neural networks. They are extremely useful for getting started in parallel processing. The parallel efficiency of these algorithms depends on efficient implementation of these operations. Thus, to obtain the next larger hypercube, the number of nodes has to be doubled. Data communication and parallel computing on twisted. Interconnection network system software parallel operating system. Office of naval research under contract n0001485k0169.
A crossbar network uses a grid of switches or switching nodes to connect p processors to b memory banks. A hypercube parallel computer is a network of processors. Index termsinterconnection network, scalability, massively parallel computing, hypercube, doubleloop, optical interconnect i. Amdahls law implies that parallel computing is only useful when the number of processors is small, or when the problem is perfectly parallel, i. Two important parameters of a network for massively parallel computers are scalability and modularity. Hypercube computers, mimd computers, parallel computing 1. Then the compiler is responsible for producing the. Ralfpeter mundani parallel programming and highperformance computing summer term 2008 2. Parallel computing execution of several activities at the same time. Helsinki university of technology, elsevier science publishers, june 1991. As a matter of fact, many attributes of certain graphs like tree, st ar, hypercube, etc have been wildly used in parallel computing models.
Parallel computing chapter 7 performance and scalability. Connected components jinwoon woo and sartaj sahni university of minnesota abstract several approaches to. Introduction to parallel computing introduction as computers get faster, problems get more complex and computationally expensive. They are equally applicable to distributed and shared address space architectures.
A hypercube is a network with 2n switches in which each switch has a distinct nbit label. Pdf a hypercube parallel computer is a network of processors, each with only local memory, whose activities are coordinated by messages the processors. It is shown that by only using feasible paths routing can be substantially simplified. Parallel and distributed computing computer science university. A gradually scalable optical interconnection network for massively parallel computing ahmed louri, senior member, ieee, brent weech, student member, ieee, and costas neocleous, student member, ieee. Experiments with parallel backpropagation on a hypercube parallel processor system.
This type of interconnection networks are more suitable for building computers where the communication pattern is more or less fixed, and can. The dlh network combines the positive features of hypercube topology, such as small diameter, high connectivity, symmetry and simple routing, and the scalability and constant. A case study of faul tolerant routing mechanism for torus. It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the spaces dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length.
The advantages and disadvantages of parallel computing will be discussed. Using a realistic model of interprocessor communications, we show that a diffusion approach to load balancing on a hypercube multiprocessor is inferior to. In the allport model, it can receive at most n packets in one round. Ziavras, arup mukherjee department of electrical and computer engineering, new jersey institute of technology, newark, nj 07102, usa. Contents preface xiii list of acronyms xix 1 introduction 1 1. Introduction to parallel computing, second edition book. Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, 1 operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved at the same time. Hypercube computing, mimd computer, parallel programming, connected components. Scalable optical hypercubebased interconnection network. Mar 30, 2012 parallel computing parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously.
Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously. Data communication and parallel computing on twisted hypercubes. Interconnection topologies and routing for parallel processing. Size scalability refers to the property that the size of the network can be increased with nominal effect on the existing configuration.
The results of experiments conducted on an ncube hypercube are also presented. This fact emphasizes the importance of interconnection networks to overall parallel system performance. This paper gives an overview of the hypercube architecture and its relation to other distributedmemory message. Dynamic broadcasting in parallel computing by emmanouel a. Parallel programming languages with special parallel programming constructs and statements that allow shared variables and parallel code sections to be declared. Similarly, the computer industry employs networking strategy to provide fast communication between computer subparts, particularly with regard to parallel.
A new parallel matrix multiplication algorithm on tree. Parallel routing algorithms for incomplete hypercube. Hypercube or n cube binary interconnection structures of multiprocessor interconnection structures. Threads threads can be used that contain regular highlevel language code sequences for individual processors. A hypercube is basically a multidimensional mesh network with two nodes in each dimension. Though there are algorithms for fault tolerant communication in torus and hypercube networks, there exits no efficient. We will by example, show the basic concepts of parallel computing. Overview of chapters chapter 1 is an introductory chapter that defines the computer models, problems to be solved, forms of.
The interconnection network is an essential part of any parallel computer. Scalable optical hypercubebased interconnection network for. Tsitsiklist laboratory for information and decision systems, room 35210, massachusetts institute otechnology, cambridge, massachusetts 029. Bertsekas2 abstract we consider the problem where broadcast requests are generated at random time instants at each node of a multiprocessor network. The corners of the respective onebit changed msbs are connected to create the higher hypercube network. There are several different forms of parallel computing. Siam journal on scientific and statistical computing. Hypercube networks are a type of network topology used to connect multiple processors with memory modules and accurately route data. Interconnection networks for parallel computers, in wiley. Increase number of grid points increase number of dimensions. A 4d hypercube network can be created by duplicating two 3d networks, and adding a most significant bit. This paper presents the basic communication and some of the basic operations usually needed in parallel computing on the twisted hypercube interconnection network. For both supercomputing and cloud computing the network. Also, the increase in size is expected to result in a linear increase in performance.
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